Which Of The Following Viruses Emerged From Horse To Human Transmission?

Transmission of Hendra virus to humans can occur after exposure to body fluids and tissues or excretions of horses infected with Hendra virus.

What is Hendra virus horse?

What is Hendra virus? Hendra virus is a virus that infects large fruit bats (flying foxes). Occasionally the virus can spread from flying foxes to horses and horses can then pass the infection on to humans. A small number of people who had very close contact with infected horses have developed Hendra virus infection.

Why did Hendra virus emerge in Australia?

Given the high seroprevalence of HeV in fruit bats and the presence of spatial and temporal clustering in the known outbreaks of HeV in Australian horses and humans, viral spill-over from fruit bats to horses seems a plausible explanation of the equine infections (Field et al., 2007).

What pathogen causes Hendra virus?

Hendra is a sporadic viral disease of horses (and rarely humans) caused by a Henipavirus. Pteropid bats (flying foxes) are the natural reservoir of the virus and do not develop clinical disease.

How is Henipavirus transmitted?

Hendra virus is transmitted through direct contact with infected horses or body fluids or tissues of infected horses; horses are infected through exposure to bat urine. Hendra virus is not transmitted person to person or directly from bats to humans.

What diseases can humans get from horses?

Diseases associated with horses

• Salmonellosis.
• Ringworm.
• Anthrax.
• Brucellosis.
• Cryptosporidiosis.
• Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
• St. Louis Encephalitis (SLE)
• Tickborne diseases.

Can humans get Hendra virus?

Transmission of Hendra virus to humans can occur after exposure to body fluids and tissues or excretions of horses infected with Hendra virus. Horses may be infected after exposure to virus in the urine of infected flying foxes. To date, no human-to-human transmission has been documented.

Where is Hendra virus most common?

New Hendra virus variant
Evidence of this variant virus, designated HeV-g2, was found in grey-headed flying-foxes from Victoria and South Australia. These findings show that all areas in Australia where flying-foxes and horses co-exist are at risk of Hendra virus spillover.

Is Hendra virus an RNA virus?

Hendra virus (HeV) is a negative strand RNA virus belonging to the genus Henipavirus family Paramyxoviridae.

How common is Hendra virus in horses?

Hendra is a rare disease, however the death rate related to infection is very high – more than 70 per cent in horses. A small number of people have been infected with the virus, via close contact infected horses. Tragically 4 of the 7 people who were infected have died.

Can humans get EEE from horses?

EEE is only spread to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. EEE is not spread person-to-person, people to animals, or animals to people.

Can humans get equine encephalitis?

The eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito. Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is a rare illness in humans and only a few cases are reported in the United States each year. Most illnesses occur in the Northeastern Atlantic states or the Gulf Coast states.

Is HPAI transmissible to humans?

Preliminary laboratory studies suggest that the HPAI H5 viruses causing the poultry outbreaks are not well-adapted to humans. However, sporadic cases of human respiratory illness with high mortality from infections with other closely related HPAI H5 viruses (e.g., H5N1, H5N6) have occurred in other countries.

Is Hendra virus the same as rabies?

The Hendra virus tests were negative, but virus isolation and gene sequencing showed that it was a lyssavirus, which is closely related to the rabies virus.

What is the meaning of Hendra?

noun. a virus that affects humans and horses, causing a fatal, influenza-like illness.

Does Hendra virus cause encephalitis?

After an incubation of 9-16 days, infection with Hendra virus can lead to respiratory illness with severe flu-like signs and symptoms. In some cases, illness may progress to encephalitis.

Is equine encephalitis virus DNA or RNA?

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus is a member of the genus Alphavirus, family Togaviridae. EEE virus has a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome.

What cells does the Hendra virus infect?

The attachment proteins of Nipah and Hendra viruses use ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3 as receptors, which are present in neurons and arterial endothelial cells. The genomes of the henipaviruses have six transcription units that encode six major structural proteins.

Is there a vaccine for Hendra virus for humans?

There is no cure, human vaccine or specific medical treatment for Hendra virus. A vaccine for horses has been available since 2012. The best defence is avoiding contact with an infected horse.

What is the most common virus in horses?

Equine influenza is one of the most common infectious diseases of the respiratory tract in horses. This is a highly contagious virus that can be contracted through direct contact with an infected horse or indirectly via a contaminated environment.

What is Newcastle disease?

Newcastle disease is a highly contagious disease of birds caused by a para-myxo virus. Birds affected by this disease are fowls, turkeys, geese, ducks, pheasants, partridges, guinea fowl and other wild and captive birds, including ratites such ostriches, emus and rhea.